Power Factor (PF) — Transformer Glossary

The ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power (kVA) in an AC circuit. Ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 represents a purely resistive load.

Backelectrical

Power Factor (PF)

The ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power (kVA) in an AC circuit. Ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 represents a purely resistive load.

Power factor directly impacts transformer sizing. A load drawing 800 kW at 0.8 power factor requires a 1,000 kVA transformer, but the same 800 kW at 0.95 power factor needs only 842 kVA. Low power factor causes: increased I²R losses in windings, reduced usable capacity, and higher electricity bills (utilities penalise PF below 0.9). Power factor correction using capacitor banks or active filters can reduce the required transformer rating and improve system efficiency.

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MVA (Megavolt-Ampere)Unit of apparent power equal to 1,000 kVA or 1,000,000 VA. Used to rate power transformers.

K-FactorRating that indicates a transformer's ability to handle harmonic-rich loads from VFDs, UPS systems, LED drivers, and other non-linear loads.