CRGO (Cold-Rolled Grain-Oriented Steel) — Transformer Glossary

Specialised silicon steel used for transformer cores. The grain orientation minimises magnetic losses.

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CRGO (Cold-Rolled Grain-Oriented Steel)

Specialised silicon steel used for transformer cores. The grain orientation minimises magnetic losses.

CRGO steel contains ~3% silicon and is processed to align crystal grains in the rolling direction, providing low loss and high permeability when magnetized along this direction. Key grades: M3 (standard, ~1.0 W/kg at 1.7T), M4 (improved), M5 (high-performance), Hi-B (laser-scribed domain refined, ~0.85 W/kg). The choice of grade directly impacts no-load losses and efficiency. Premium grades like Hi-B can reduce core losses by 15–20% compared to standard M3, but cost 30–50% more. All ETS transformers use minimum M4 grade, with Hi-B standard for power transformers.

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Transformer CoreThe laminated magnetic circuit that provides the path for magnetic flux between the primary and secondary windings.

Core Loss (No-Load Loss)Power dissipated in the transformer core due to hysteresis and eddy currents. Present whenever the transformer is energized, regardless of load.

Step-Lap Core JointCore lamination stacking technique where adjacent layers are offset in steps rather than aligned, reducing air gaps at joints.